The Ghost’s Appeal: Man’s Interest in the Superficial in Toulouse-Lautr

The Ghosts Appeal Mans Interest in the Superficial in Toulouse-Lautrecs At the Moulin-RougeHenri de Toulouse-Lautrecs famous painting, At the Moulin-Rouge, combines striking coloring with abnormal lighting to create a work that addresses work forces superficial interest in women. The dark scene depicted in the painting includes ten people scattered about a restaurant. In the center, two women and three men sit casually around a table while the background portrays two men and a woman peering into mirrors a second woman (in the foreground) observes the situation. The most arresting aspect of the picture is the dominating, pale face of a woman in the right foreground of the picture. A alert analysis of the painting begins with the study of the portrayal of the brightly-lit women and how the mens gazes focus that representation and concludes with the viewers natural confirmation of that portrayal. This textual look at the picture leads the viewer to the conclusion that it is a womans ex ternal pomp that attracts a male.Because of Toulouse-Lautrecs use of lighting, it is clear that the women are central to the painting. patronage the intermixing of men and women, the light falls only on the women, and the men are left in the shadows. Because of this, the eye wanders, not to the men, but to the women thus, they become the subject of the painting. opus this lighting does not appear unnatural, it is far from the customary distribution of light. Hence, the lighting of the women is an intentional attempt to focus the observer on them. Clearly, the objective of At the Moulin-Rouge centers on women.Having established that the females are integral to the work, it is interesting to see how the illumination reveals more about th... ...illed with interesting scenes, people, and ideas, has a distinct theme that emerges by looking at both the women and their male counterparts. From their similarities to actresses to their depiction as ghosts, Toulouse-Lautrecs women are superf icial. It is the mens obsession with this, however, that reveals the works complete theme. Namely, that it is the outward grandeur of a woman that charms men. This point is brought close to home as the viewer realizes that he joins the men in the painting with the same curious interest in the superficial. Toulouse-Lautrecs masterpiece brings the theme of superficialitys appeal full-circle by engulfing both the subjects and the audience.NOTES*At the time, flneur described the rich, male population that had time to observe and appreciate art. Artists of the mean solar day knew that their audience consisted largely of flneurs.

Where Has My Job Gone? Essay -- Employment India Essays

Where Has My Job Gone?With the implementation of minimum wage and rising production cost in the unite States, many companies have found themselves looking for a way to save money on production. Clothing manufacturers such as Nike have used trade union movement forces in other countries, mainly in Asia to set out their products. These countries can offer similar quality labor for a cheaper cost on wages. The lower or non existent minimum wage laws in foreign countries allow companies like Nike to cut production costs drastically, while still being able to produce quality products. Similar trends are starting to creep into software companies. They are finding a workforce able to do similar work as the American workers, but for less pay. These companies are outsourcing their work. Outsourcing is simply the transfer of operational responsibility of either business processes or infrastructure management to an external attend provider. 1 The majority of these jobs end up in Ind ia due to their low wages and high level education.Why would companies outsource?Companies look to outsourcing software because of the many benefits it provides. roughly noticeably is the savings on costs it can provide. The lower costs over in Asia, especially India, help to reduce and control costs. The production costs are lower because of the lower wages of the workers in India. The average yearly salaries for IT programmers were $5,880 in 2002 compared to the $63,331 US programmers were making. 2 The difference is that labor in India costs about 9% of the costs of the US labor. Furthermore, by outsourcing software work to India, companies can use their existing personnel for different projects. The US workers can be put on tasks that c... ...r, 2003. The International Herald Tribune Online. 16 bump into 2014. .7 Advantage of Outsourcing to India. VT Consulting. 16 March 2014. .8 Rayen, Ranjeet. ITPL to become role model for Bangladeshs hi-tech park. 19 June 2001. G lobalOutsourcing.org. 16 March 2014. .9 Pink, Daniel. February 2004 The New Face of the Silicon Age. Wired. Issue 12.02. 16 March 2014. .10 Adam Smith. An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), reprint, ed. Edwin Cannan (New York Modern Library), 1937, p. 14.

The American Dream in The Great Gatsby :: The Great Gatsby

The Ameri tolerate dream is sought after and imagined by everyone who comes to America. It is the main reason that people come to America they come for liberty as well as to one day attain the idea of a perfect American dream. It theoretically symbolizes what you have accomplished in animation and what you wish to one day have. In my personal opinion if any person wants come to America to live a life of happiness, be released of ghostlike persecution and the freedom to say what you feel, then it can be accomplished. This is the first thing you get as soon as you become an American. That for me is considered a dream for the persecuted. straightaway beyond this lies desire, which is what society thrives from because it is what our economy is based off of. It is said that you only need food, shelter, and clothing. Dreaming is what America is all about the beautiful houses, the wealth, the power to determine things at your fingertips. Anything you can dream of you can obtain. Althou gh, obtaining a wealthy dream can be a life of hard work and povertydepending on what you want it will eventually pay off to finally accomplish what is desired.My own house was an eye-sore, but it was a small eye-sore and it had been over look, so I had a view of the water, a partial view of my neighbors lawn and the consoling proximity of millionairesall for eighty dollars a month. (10) The Great GatsbyEssentially, the dream is in my view a state of mind in which you feel comfortable and content in. It is a reassurance that you have begun and finished what you set out to offer to yourself. I do not base my dream upon materialistic items such as a big house or cars or all thewealth I can imagine. Rather I want set out to fall in love, have a family and teach my children and deliver them. No matter at what cost this would be. I would really like to home school and teach them but I cannot deprive them of friends, fun, and experiences that I had and will have. I want to support them i n whatever they are interested in, whether it be science, art, engineering, anything that makes them as happy as I am with my dream. Finding a woman that I can put up with and her I will be one of the harder things to obtain.

Edgar Allen Poe: A great American Icon :: essays research papers

Edgar Allan Poes unique, fearless and morbid writing style has influenced literature end-to-end the world. He was once titled the "master of the macabre" (Buranelli, 57). One of the aspects in his life with which he struggled was social isolation. He used this as a result in a number of poems and short stories. Poes life was also filled with periods of fear and irrationality. He had a very sensitive side when it came to the female gender, each woman he was ever close to died at an early age. Another of his major battles, actu exclusivelyy the only one he really lost, was his struggle with alcoholism. Of all these topics, Poes favorites were the death of a beautiful woman, a feeling, which he knew all too well, and the general topic of death. Edgar Allan Poe endured a very difficult life and this is evident in his literary style. Suffering through several periods of fear and irrationality during his life, Poe included those experiences in many of his more famous works. One of these periods involved experiences in connexion the army in order to get away from his foster father after the death of his foster mother (Buranelli, 13). These periods of fear and irrationality were the cause of his tough luck and poor social status. His peers for these episodes looked him down upon. Poe expressed this theme through come forth almost all of his short stories and poems. "Many of his stories exhibited abnormal states of mind and are constructed in wrong of a single mad obsession(Buranelli, 28). His insane ways made his work stand out from the normal short story, or poem. He was adequate to(p) to twist his stories and poems around in a way that almost seemed real, and was definitely intriguing. An example of this could be found in the Black Cat(Harrison, 257). The character took the eyeball out of the first cat and then killed it. After that he proceeded to "accidentally" kill his wife with an ax, and bury her in a wall. Another example of Poes h allucination demonstrated within his works was located in The Tell Tale Heart (Harrison, 555), where Edgar stalked a man and eventually killed him. He then dismembered the body, took out his heart, and buried the man under the house. He later confessed to the police because he believed he could hear the heartbeat of the man.

The Signalman by Charles Dickens Essay -- Charles Dickens Signalman Es

The Signal human being by Charles DickensH each(prenominal)oa under there A small expression that once dumbstrikes you with an essence of alarm, fear and intrigue. passimthe short story of The Signalman, this quote was used several(prenominal) generationand was repeated by several characters. Coincidence? Charles Dickensinvites you to decide. This speech from www.coursework.infoFor the duration of this half term we have studied numerous shortstories from the book utter Tales. Throughout this period, we havedeveloped our skills of assessing characters (characterisation),identifying language style and expression plus various others, and Iwill try to use my newly developed skills to coiffure our assignedquestion. Ultimately, we came round to The Signalman. The Signalman isa grim but strong sustained story about an alleged encounter withsomething not of the natural world. This dissertation fromwww.coursework.infoThroughout his story, Charles Dickens uses a variety of methods to create an atmosphere of tension, secret and suspense. Suspense iscreated through supernatural horror and ambiguity. I will explorethese qualities, which make this a in force(p) suspense story. The methods ofcreating tension include leaving characters anonymous, victimization similargesticulation and supposed coincidences, plus many others.Throughout this essay, I will explain all of these methods.cogd gdrsegdgdw orgd gdk ingd fogd gdThe author of this short story was a man named Charles Dickens whowrote during the 19th century. The motivation for Charles Dickenswriting this story was a terrible dog wreck at Staplehurst, Kent, on9 June 1865, in which several passengers died. Dickens was apassenger, and although he was fond of ra... ...ies entertaining I think this is due to the thingmabob atthe end of the stories. To me this shows that an unexpected twistmakes a good short story. It is evident that Dickens creates a lot ofsuspense throughout the story with the possibleness word s and as hedescends the cutting, looking at the signalman whose actions are verystrange, plunging you immediately into the setting. Suspense iscreated as the signalman tells the gentleman of the strange happeningsrecently. Mystery surrounds the settings, which are evening prone tosomething like this happening the mystery also surrounds the both maincharacters, the Signalman and the narrator. They remain anonymousthroughout so the mystery stays with them constantly. I spirit that dueto Dickens ability to bring mystery and suspense to liveliness are the mainreasons behind what makes this story so fluent and mind initiating The Signalman by Charles Dickens Essay -- Charles Dickens Signalman EsThe Signalman by Charles DickensHalloa Below there A small expression that once understoodstrikes you with an essence of alarm, fear and intrigue. Throughoutthe short story of The Signalman, this quote was used several timesand was repeated by several characters. Coincidence? Charles Dickensinvites you to decide. This dissertation from www.coursework.infoFor the duration of this half term we have studied numerous shortstories from the book Telling Tales. Throughout this period, we havedeveloped our skills of assessing characters (characterisation),identifying language style and structure plus various others, and Iwill try to use my newly developed skills to answer our assignedquestion. Ultimately, we came round to The Signalman. The Signalman isa grim but well sustained story about an alleged encounter withsomething not of the natural world. This dissertation fromwww.coursework.infoThroughout his story, Charles Dickens uses a variety of methods tocreate an atmosphere of tension, mystery and suspense. Suspense iscreated through supernatural horror and ambiguity. I will explorethese qualities, which make this a good suspense story. The methods ofcreating tension include leaving characters anonymous, using similargesticulation and supposed coincidences, pl us many others.Throughout this essay, I will explain all of these methods.cogd gdrsegdgdw orgd gdk ingd fogd gdThe author of this short story was a man named Charles Dickens whowrote during the 19th century. The motivation for Charles Dickenswriting this story was a terrible train wreck at Staplehurst, Kent, on9 June 1865, in which several passengers died. Dickens was apassenger, and although he was fond of ra... ...ies entertaining I think this is due to the twist atthe end of the stories. To me this shows that an unexpected twistmakes a good short story. It is evident that Dickens creates a lot ofsuspense throughout the story with the opening words and as hedescends the cutting, looking at the signalman whose actions are verystrange, plunging you immediately into the setting. Suspense iscreated as the signalman tells the gentleman of the strange happeningsrecently. Mystery surrounds the settings, which are even prone tosomething like this happening the mystery also surrounds the two maincharacters, the Signalman and the narrator. They remain anonymousthroughout so the mystery stays with them constantly. I feel that dueto Dickens ability to bring mystery and suspense to life are the mainreasons behind what makes this story so fluent and mind initiating

The Signalman by Charles Dickens Essay -- Charles Dickens Signalman Es

The Signalman by Charles DickensHalloa Below there A small conceptualisation that once understoodstrikes you with an essence of alarm, fear and intrigue. Throughoutthe con reputation of The Signalman, this quote was employ several timesand was repeated by several characters. concurrency? Charles Dickensinvites you to decide. This dissertation from www.coursework.infoFor the duration of this half term we have studied numerous shortstories from the book Telling Tales. Throughout this period, we havedeveloped our skills of assessing characters (characterisation),identifying address style and structure plus various others, and I leave try to use my fresh developed skills to answer our assignedquestion. Ultimately, we came round to The Signalman. The Signalman isa fatal but well sustained story about an alleged encounter withsomething not of the cancel world. This dissertation fromwww.coursework.infoThroughout his story, Charles Dickens uses a variety of methods to spend a penny an atmosphere of tension, brain-teaser and suspense. Suspense iscreated through supernatural horror and ambiguity. I will explorethese qualities, which make this a good suspense story. The methods ofcreating tension embroil leaving characters anonymous, using similargesticulation and supposed coincidences, plus many others.Throughout this essay, I will explain all of these methods.cogd gdrsegdgdw orgd gdk ingd fogd gdThe author of this short story was a man named Charles Dickens whowrote during the 19th century. The motivation for Charles Dickenswriting this story was a terrible train wreck at Staplehurst, Kent, on9 June 1865, in which several passengers died. Dickens was apassenger, and although he was fond of ra... ...ies entertaining I mobilize this is due to the bow atthe end of the stories. To me this shows that an unexpected twistmakes a good short story. It is evident that Dickens creates a lot ofsuspense passim the story with the opening words and as hedescends the cu tting, expression at the signalman whose actions are verystrange, plunging you immediately into the setting. Suspense iscreated as the signalman tells the gentleman of the strange happeningsrecently. brain-teaser surrounds the settings, which are even prone tosomething like this happening the closed book also surrounds the two maincharacters, the Signalman and the narrator. They remain anonymousthroughout so the mystery stays with them constantly. I feel that dueto Dickens ability to bring mystery and suspense to life are the mainreasons behind what makes this story so fluent and consciousness initiating The Signalman by Charles Dickens Essay -- Charles Dickens Signalman EsThe Signalman by Charles DickensHalloa Below there A small expression that once understoodstrikes you with an essence of alarm, fear and intrigue. Throughoutthe short story of The Signalman, this quote was used several timesand was repeated by several characters. Coincidence? Charles Dickensi nvites you to decide. This dissertation from www.coursework.infoFor the duration of this half term we have studied numerous shortstories from the book Telling Tales. Throughout this period, we havedeveloped our skills of assessing characters (characterisation),identifying language style and structure plus various others, and Iwill try to use my newly developed skills to answer our assignedquestion. Ultimately, we came round to The Signalman. The Signalman isa grim but well sustained story about an alleged encounter withsomething not of the natural world. This dissertation fromwww.coursework.infoThroughout his story, Charles Dickens uses a variety of methods tocreate an atmosphere of tension, mystery and suspense. Suspense iscreated through supernatural horror and ambiguity. I will explorethese qualities, which make this a good suspense story. The methods ofcreating tension include leaving characters anonymous, using similargesticulation and supposed coincidences, plus many others.Th roughout this essay, I will explain all of these methods.cogd gdrsegdgdw orgd gdk ingd fogd gdThe author of this short story was a man named Charles Dickens whowrote during the 19th century. The motivation for Charles Dickenswriting this story was a terrible train wreck at Staplehurst, Kent, on9 June 1865, in which several passengers died. Dickens was apassenger, and although he was fond of ra... ...ies entertaining I think this is due to the twist atthe end of the stories. To me this shows that an unexpected twistmakes a good short story. It is evident that Dickens creates a lot ofsuspense throughout the story with the opening words and as hedescends the cutting, looking at the signalman whose actions are verystrange, plunging you immediately into the setting. Suspense iscreated as the signalman tells the gentleman of the strange happeningsrecently. Mystery surrounds the settings, which are even prone tosomething like this happening the mystery also surrounds the two maincharacter s, the Signalman and the narrator. They remain anonymousthroughout so the mystery stays with them constantly. I feel that dueto Dickens ability to bring mystery and suspense to life are the mainreasons behind what makes this story so fluent and mind initiating

Explanations of East Asian Economic Development

The frugalal success of the eastern hemisphere Asian countries has inspired umpteen economists to study the accentuate of their rapid increment. Interestingly, different economists interpret this success in entirely different counsels. During the 1970s and an important part of the 1980s advocates of the neoclassical moulding argued that ripening in eastside Asia was the result in the main of the market mechanism and the emphasis on trade promotion in these countries. Especially since the mid-1980s the neoclassical ascend was criticised by economists who evince that governing interjection compete a crucial aim in the extremity of stinting growth.This paper aims at presenting a check over of the arguments recently piece forward by the critics of the neoclassical approach to explain the voice of presidential term in the economical success of the countries in eastern United States Asia. Such a quite a little is very enforceful, since it forms a stark naked br eeding ground for the discussion on the role of the organisation in the economic development of other Developing countries and the countries in eastern United Statesern Europe. With come to the fore a doubt East Asias economic expansion during the past twenty years is one of the most unprecedented economic changes since the trice population War.Gross national product of the East Asian countries increased by more(prenominal) than five per cent per year in the occlusion 1965-1990, which is considerably givingr than that of Latin America (1. 8 per cent), sub-Saharan Africa (0. 3 per cent), or even the OECD (2. 4 per cent). Six of the seven fastest growing economies in the period 1960-1985 (measured on the home of the average growth of per capita GDP) were East Asian countries. The economic success of these countries has inspired many economists to study the background of this rapid growth.What is rather remark able in this context is the feature that different economists inte rpret this success in entirely different ways. During the 1970s and an important part of the 1980s advocates of the neoclassical fabric argued that growth in East Asia was the result generally of the market mechanism and the emphasis on export promotion in these countries. This interpretation dominated the manage for a long time. Especially since the mid-1980s the neoclassical approach was criticised by economists who stressed that organization interjection actually played a crucial role in the process of economic growth.In this paper these economists ar referred to as the upstart disturbanceists. The debate between the neoclassical economists and the new interventionists seems to concent aim on the issue concerning the role of the presidential term in the process of economic development in general and the East Asian growth miracle in particular. In this denomination East Asia includes the next countries Japan, S exposeh Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Th ailand, and Malaysia. A signifi arseholet part of the literature used for this article concentrates mainly on South Korea and Taiwan.This paper mainly aims at presenting a survey of the arguments recently designate forward by the critics of the neoclassical approach to explain the economic success of the countries in East Asia. In particular, it emphasises their view with respect to the role of the government in the process of economic development. Such a listing of the contributions of the new interventionists concerning the backgrounds of the Asian miracle and the possible contribution of the government is very useful The article is structured as fol measlys.Section 2 presents a survey of the contributions of development economists with respect to the role of the government in the process of economic development as put forward by them in the 1940s and 1950s. Section 3 describes the reactions of the neoclassical economists on these earlyish contributions. They emphasised that sp ecially the market mechanism played an important role in the growth of the East Asian countries. Section 4 deals with the critics of the neoclassical economists and describes their approach to the backgrounds of the Asian miracle.The discussion on the role of the government in the process of economic development originated in the 1940s and 1950s, this discussion fits into the post-war predominance of Keynesian economics. During this period some(prenominal) theoretical models contributions in the literature saddleed out that market imperfections justified government intervention. The main emphasis was on the existence and benefits of economies of scale and the external set ups of turnout. whiz of the most influential models was the model of industrialization ground on the notion of infant industry.The existence of dynamic economies of scale and dictatorial external effects of production in sure industries prompted the government to actively pose the development of these ind ustries since the cloak-and-dagger sector was thought to be incapable of assessing the long-term economic benefits of investing in these industries. gibe to this model the government would stimu posthumous the development of these industries by core of subsidies and protective measures until they were sufficiently genuine to produce without government support. Other models went further in their recommendations concerning the role of the government in development.According to several(prenominal) economists, the economic growth potential of developing countries was restricted since many of these countries mainly exported primary goods. They expected that the prices of these goods relative to prices of industrial goods would fall permanently this is as well known as export pessimism. By combining the infant industry argument with export pessimism they pointed out that a structural change in the production structure of these countries was absolutely necessary in order to obtain pos itive long-run economic growth prospects.The government ought to play an important role since lots(prenominal)(prenominal) a drastic change could neer be realised through the market mechanism due to considerably large coordination problems in the economy. The emphasis was put on improving infrastructure and education. Both these aspects were assumed to be extremely important in order to realise such a structural change. Furthermore, the plebeian dependence of industries was pointed out the development of one industry was in like manner determined by the development of other sectors, either as a producer of inputs4 or as a demander of output.This findd simultaneous support of different industries necessary. Later on, the debate in literature concentrated on the way in which the government ought to intervene. many supported simultaneous intervention in all industries essential to economic growth others stressed the modified availability of scarce resources which would hinder the execution of such a comprehensive strategy. They advocated government intervention mainly in those industries that had the most relations with other industries (unbalanced growth strategy see Hirschman, 1958).These models very practically influenced the economic policies pursued by the mixed developing countries during the 1950s, 1960s, and a large part of the 1970s. The idea of a government intervening in the process of economic growth was appealing to many politicians. It cave ind to developing models of primordial planning, and it stimulated to using trade policies, such as import quota, export subsidies, and fixed exchange rates, introducing price controls and subsidies in markets for goods and production particularors, and establishing public enterprises in important sectors like mining and strained industries.Many governments pursued policies of import substitution (and later overly export promotion). Initially, several countries appeared to be successful in achievi ng economic growth by way of government intervention. However, as increasingly more problems arose with respect to the models of planned economic growth, this approach was increasingly criticised by economists whose ideas matched the neoclassical tradition. This is the term to which they are referred to in the debate on the role of markets versus the Government in the process of growth.Mainly at the fact that the in a higher place described models primarily pointed at the imperfections of the market mechanism the models seemed not to be concerned about the possibility that government intervention in itself could also lead to an inefficient allocation of resources. The neoclassical economists rejected the implicit assumptions that allocate inefficiency due to market imperfections would always be larger than the inefficiency resulting from government disappointments.This assumption would stand for that the government has sufficient information in order to determine for which partic ular industries positive externalities and dynamic economies of scale could be expected, and to properly assess the costs and benefits of load-bearing(a) certain activities and industries. This also would imply a well-functioning apparatus of government within which this information would be translated into a insurance in the right way. Moreover, it meant that the government would also be powerful enough to resist pressure groups and to minimalize the negative effects of rent-seeking behaviour.Finally, it was anticipated that the government put maximum welfare for the country as a whole forwards maximising the individual objectives of those representing the government. The neoliberals very much doubted the fact that these conditions had been sufficiently met in developing countries. They were rather convinced of the fact that oddly such factors as lobbying, rent seeking, and a government pursuing maximisation of the individual welfare function, would negatively affect the effici ency of intervention. Therefore, they concluded that the imperfections of government intervention chiefly exceeded market imperfections.Only in some cases the government could play a role, e. g. with respect to providing physical infrastructure, macroeconomic stability, and maintaining order and upholding the law. This is all the government should do. The device of get the prices right plays a crucial role in the neoliberal view If the markets are not interfered with, scarce resources will be allocated most efficiently. Their starting points were the basis of the IMF and World assert policy. Recommendations that were part of the structural adjustment programmes presented to developing countries in the 1980s and 1990s.The neoliberal interpretation of the role of the government versus the role of the market in the process of economic development has also been use in analysing the economic success of East Asia of the past three decades. According to the neoliberals, the governments of these countries observed the limits of their capabilities, and the economic success, therefore, was caused mainly by the market which functioned quite well. They especially pointed out the emphasis governments placed on developing and touch on exports, secluded entrepreneurship, and the execution of market-oriented policy measures.Focusing on export enhanced the development of industries with a comparative advantage. The East Asian countries especially developed those industries in which they had a comparative advantage. The governments had created the right environment by providing macroeconomic stability and public investment in social and physical infrastructure in which the private sector was encouraged to invest in such a way that it, would contribute positively to economic development.The neoliberal interpretation of the economic success of the East Asian countries was supported by the observation that several African and Latin American countries, where the government h ad played a very significant role for several decades, had experienced a deep economic crisis since the 1980s. The failure of government intervention and the positive contributions of the market mechanism were elaborately discussed in studies by, among others, these studies considered the East Asian countries as examples of countries where the market mechanism had positively influenced the process of economic development.The neoliberal criticism of the models from the 1940s and 1950s was justified to a certain extent. They rightly emphasised that too much government interference in the process of economic development could lead to considerable inefficiencies. They provided a theoretical basis for the possibility and consequences of government failure (Islam, 1992). Since the early 1970s and especially during the 1980s a good deal everybody agreed on the fact that government-led economic development, with an important role for state enterprises, would lead to large inefficiencies.Ho wever, this did not automatically mean that the neoliberal alternative provided a correct interpretation of the backgrounds of the successes in East Asia. Since the mid-1980s there was increasing criticism of the neoliberal interpretation of the role of the market versus the role of the government in development. These critics can be referred to as new interventionists. This group of economists argued that the government could contribute more to economic development than just providing certain important public goods. They establish their ideas mainly on their analysis of the backgrounds of economic success in East Asia.The centre of their analysis proved to encounter rather a lot in honey oil with the analyses of and themes addressed by development economists of the 1940s and 1950s. Criticism of the Neoliberal Model and the Arguments in Favour of Government Intervention According to the new interventionists, the neoliberal interpretation could not explain satisfactorily the succes s of the East Asian countries. A growing amount of research showed that government could indeed contribute positively to growth by subject matter of comprehensive intervention in the economic process.This was not in keeping with the usual neoliberal starting points, and therefore alternative approaches were sought-after(a) after to explain for this finding. An important alternative description of the East Asian economic success was found by emphasising the extent of problems concerning coordination in little developed economies. Critics of the neoliberal interpretation pointed out that the government could play an important role in stimulating the process of economic development by reducing coordination problems, link up to the hoice of and relationship between production decisions that hinder development. These problems concerning coordination are the result of dynamic economies of scale of production and external effects resulting from the strong mutual dependence of certain i ndustries. If such circumstances do play a role, the allocation of resources on the basis of the market mechanism can quite easily become sub-optimum. To draw with, in practice market prices provide information about the current gainfulness of productive activities they contain hardly any if at all information on future profitability.Under these circumstances, if there are any activities that lead to economies of scale in the future, current market prices give the wrong signals with respect to optimal allocation. In this case, allocation will not be dynamically efficient. Moreover, investment decisions at the aim of the individual entrepreneur may be sub-optimal if the future profitability of an investment project also depends on the class to which investments are made in other sectors at the same time. In this case, too, allocation of resources based on the free market principle results in dynamically inefficient allocation.According to the new interventionists, intervention s of East Asian governments were mainly aimed at decreasing these coordination problems, thus stimulating economic growth. The interventions actually improved the economy since barriers caused by economies of scale and external effects were taken down, which probably would not befuddle happened if resource allocation was based purely on market principles. The model explaining the East Asian economic miracle as proposed by these new interventionists matches some of the central thoughts of the development economists of the 1940s and 1950s.One major difference, however, is that this model is formalised in some recent contributions. Recent theories on industrial organisation also point at the positive effect of limited competition rather than free markets and protection and co-ordination by the government. The resideder of this section will discuss in more detail several of the above called aspects of the East Asian intervention policy, such as the characteristics of industrial pol icies, the instruments that were used to stimulate specific investments, the institutional context, and the preconditions. Industrial policyThe contents and effectiveness of the industrial policies pursued in the East Asian countries is the central focus of several new interventionist studies, Focusing mainly on the analysis of the Korean experiences, this is also presents a new interventionist interpretation of the economic development of South Korea. In her analysis she shows why the Korean government policy can be considered dynamically efficient. She emphasises the fact that government intervention led to a situation of getting the prices wrong, which, according to her, precisely resulted in an optimal allocation of scarce resources.By deliberately move prices, the government was able to reduce the coordination problems that occur when allocation of resources is left to the market mechanism. Policies aiming at disturbing the market mechanism led to other priorities concerning w hat should be produced as compared to the outcomes of the market as the coordinating mechanism. The industrial policies of other rapid growers in the region have been interpreted in a similar manner in other studies characterises the process of economic development in South Korea as the process of late industrialisation.Fast growth in this country is mainly based on the implementation of breathing (Western) technologies. The aspect of learning, adopting and adjusting existing technologies is central in her analysis. Since learning processes have the characteristics of a public good and are for example, closely cerebrate to increasing economies of scale and the external effects of production, government intervention is vital in the process of late industrialisation.The government sees to it that the Western technology is copied and implemented as efficiently as possible, and that the labour force is educated sufficiently to work with the new technology. Moreover, they coordinate pr oduction decisions in different industries. Thus, the government becomes an entrepreneur who decides what, when, and how much to produce. The active intervention resulted in the industrial development of South Korea, which would not have been realised without government intervention.The government especially stimulated those industries that were thought to be of crucial importance to the long-term development of South Korea. Whereas in the 1960s mainly export-oriented industries were stimulated, in the 1970s emphasis was placed on the development of heavy and chemical industries, the electronics industry, and shipbuilding. In the 1980s the centre of prudence of industrial policies shifted towards stimulating the development of high-quality industries, the so-called sunrise industries.Due to government intervention South Korea became a leading producer of microchips, and had an important share in the world markets for consumer electronics, cars, and in shipbuilding. In this context, leading economists point out the difficulties voluminous in the development of especially heavy and chemical industries, and in electronics and shipbuilding. The relatively long time these industries require reaching maturity, and the limited profitability (or even temporary loss) during the initial phase cause these industries to be rather unattractive when it comes to private investment.This provides a legitimate reason for an active industrial policy by the government. Instruments of government intervention The East Asian governments used various instruments that enabled them to influence the organisation of production decisions and the allocation of production factors, in order to achieve that scarce resource would be applied in the areas they preferred. These instruments primarily aim at creating rents, i. e. providing subsidies for certain investments. A subsidy may be a strong instrument to influence the use and allocation of means provided that the granting meets certain conditions.A subsidy will contain a protective element on the one hand, and provide an incentive to implement specific activities on the other hand. Given these conditions, a subsidy may contribute to the fact that investors who are granted a subsidy may take into account more than short-term profitability only, and may also consider future possible profitability of the decisions. In these cases, the dynamic aspects of implementing investment decisions are taken into account, and thus granting subsidies may contribute to a better allocation of means.Initially, subsidies were granted by means of programmes for cheap credit and selective credit loans. In countries like South Korea and Taiwan, the government had a significant impact on determining the nominal deposit and loan rate in the 1960s and 1970s. Moreover, they also introduced guidelines with respect to the allocation of argot loans to the private sector. Thus, they were able to stimulate the development of specific industries and private activities by granting them access to external funding and by subsidising this Funding. The role of the export promotion policyEspecially with respect to the role of export-oriented policies as part of industrial policies, and the related specific instruments of government intervention in East Asia, the neoliberals and the new interventionists do not agree. In the neoliberal model the emphasis of government policies on export promotion is very important, since they believe that competition on world markets stimulated East Asian companies to produce efficiently. They exported especially those products for which the countries had a comparative advantage in production. According to the neoliberals, the rapid growth of exports justified this approach.Subsequently, the development of export industries was thought to have a positive effect on the production in other sectors of the economy. In this model the so-called model of export-led development the rapid growth of the e xport industries led to a growth in investment and was therefore the driving force behind the overall economic success. The new interventionists disputed the neoliberal point of view. Some of them point out the fact that the governments created comparative advantages, thus actually reversing the causal relationship between export growth and14 comparative advantages.The above mentioned industrial policies in South Korea can again be used to illustrate this view. The South Koreans developed advantages in shipbuilding, and in the electronics and car industries, all industries in which they ab initio did not have comparative advantages. Some new interventionists stressed the fact that government intervention stimulated especially those export industries for which competition in worldwide markets was fierce, in order to stimulate the building up of a competitive external sector.To a certain degree, this view resembles the neoliberal interpretation of the role of international trade, although the new interventionists put much more weight into the role of government intervention to develop such a competitive external sector. They argue that world-wide competition can be regarded as an efficiency check of interventionist policies and the policy measures used. The success or failure of export producing firms provided the government with information which enabled it to decide whether or not to continue support to particular industries, and to decide on the extent of this support.Thus, protection measures and the granting of subsidies were linked to the performance of firms with regard to the development of sales in foreign markets. Others, however, resist the argument that exports played a crucial role in stimulating the economic growth of these countries. On the one hand, they point at the limited share of the export sector in total GNP of most East Asian growing countries in the period concerned. Considered this limited share, this sector could never have been th e driving force behind the strong economic development during the 1960s and 1970s.On the other hand, the direction of the causality between exports and investments as speculate by the neoliberals is questioned. It is more likely that the explosive export growth was the result of a strong increase in domestic investments, rather than the other way round. The increase in these investments led to an increasing demand for imports, which taking into account the limited availability of foreign currencies went hand in hand with an increase in exports. This increase in exports was realised by reducing the domestic consumption of tradable goods, making them available for exports.Exports were not hampered by any unfavourable exchange rate policies, which had indeed been the case in many other developing countries in the 1960s, 1970s, and part of the 1980s. They argue that export production was actively stimulated by means of several instruments, particularly the above described systems of subsidisation. Therefore, some new interventionists argue that the explanation of economic growth in East Asian countries lies in the factors that influenced the strong growth in domestic investments, such as the creation of rents to stimulate investment behaviour.Cooperation between the state and the private sector in the previous sections it has been pointed out continuously that the East Asian governments proved to be able to reduce coordination problems, which contributed to stimulate economic growth. However, this still has not answered the question concerning the way governments were able to be given of sufficient information to efficiently coordinate investment decisions and to determine which industries were important in realising a dynamically efficient allocation of scarce resources.Several studies have examined this aspect. These studies show that very close ties existed between the government, banks, and the private sector. These ties led to frequent contacts between th e government and the private sector about the economys weaknesses and strengths. In this way, the government gained a better understanding of the nature of the coordination problems that played a role in the economy. On the basis of this information the government was better able to take decisions concerning intervention.In the case of South Korea, well-mannered servants from different ministries, bank managers, and managers of large companies regularly met on so-called deliberation councils. Apart from this there were also monthly export meetings. At these meetings, presided by the president of the country and attended by16 senior civil servants, managers of banks and companies, economic bottlenecks were directly discussed, and decisions were taken concerning the outlines of the industrial, trade, and financial policies.Specific attention would be paid to the performance of the export industries, and if necessary the export policy would be adjusted on the basis of the information available. The South Korean private sector was very much organised on the basis of conglomerate structures, the so-called Chaebols. A limited number of very large conglomerates were actively involved in various economic activities, thus controlling an important part of the total production of the private sector. The government actively stimulated the development of these large conglomerates.The idea was that this would lead to an optimal use of economies of scale and external effects due to the strong mutual dependence between industries. In this way, the conglomerates would internalise existing coordination problems. Moreover, an advantage of the existence of several large conglomerates was that there were only a small number of ties between the government and the private sector, so that a relatively small number of policy makers and managers would be responsible for making important decisions.This added to an efficient exchange of information and a reduction of coordination proble ms. Some studies describe the model of the East Asian economies as a governed market. This means that private companies competed and cooperated and were supervised by the government. Other studies especially referring to the case of South Korea characterise the relations between government and the private sector as a quasi-internal organisation. This model describes a firm as an organisation that minimalizes transaction costs by internalising certain activities, i. e. hese activities are executed within the organisation. This may cause the allocation within an internal organisation to be superior to allocation resulting from the market mechanism. The model contains a central counselling that determines the outlines of the activities of the firm and that delegates the execution and immediate accountability for the results to different divisions. The divisions are accountable to the central management and have to provide information regularly, enabling the management to change its strategy on the basis of this new information if necessary.In this way, coordination problems between the different activities can be reduced. The comparison to the characteristics of the Korean society applies to a certain extent, if the government is regarded as the central manager and the various conglomerates as the divisions. Due to the intense and informal contacts between the government and the private sector, the government had at their disposal information concerning the nature and extent of coordination problems in the economy.On the basis of this information, economic policies could be designed and choices could be made on which industries should be supported, since they were say to be of crucial importance to the growth of the country. Furthermore, economic policy programmes could constantly be adjusted on the basis of new information so that they would positively contribute to the economic development of the country. To conclude, it can be argued that the strong ties between the government and the private sector contributed to an intense exchange of information.Based on this information, the government was able to follow and if necessary adjust the activities in private industries. The new interventionists considered the combination of these ties and the nature of the way the government created rents and distributed these among firms and industrial sectors as an important explanation of the successful government intervention in the various East Asian countries. Initial conditions and policy-making factors The new interventionists also point at other factors they notion have been important in realising that the government translated the information they eceived from the private sector into a policy that contributed to the successful18 reduction of coordination problems. These factors are closely related to the initial conditions that applied at the moment this miraculous process of economic growth was started. They also point at certain specif ic political economic circumstances. To begin with, the new interventionists emphasise that in these countries the educational system and the level of education of the labour force were of a relatively high standard as early as the 1950s, especially compared to countries in Latin America and Africa.This positive initial condition had various positive consequences. To start with, this meant that labour productivity was relatively high and that the East Asian economies were at least capable of working with relatively high-grade production processes as early as the 1950s. Moreover, this meant that the copying of Western technologies is the essence of late industrialisation could be executed faster. Finally, the high level of education had a positive effect on the quality of the civil service.The latter was not to be underestimated as an aspect of the success of the East Asian intervention policy. Several authors have therefore paid special attention to the aspect of the quality of the civil service. An efficient apparatus of government was of great importance in order to translate the information on coordination problems in the economy into a policy that could contribute to increasing economic growth. Moreover, the work ethic of the average civil servant in the Eastern Asian countries was also important in explaining the efficiency of government intervention.In many developing countries civil servants seemed to be easily corrupted, whereas in most East Asian countries this was relatively slight(prenominal) common. Consequently, the abuse of, for example, the granting of subsidies and other benefits to firms could be kept rather limited. To explain this phenomenon the new interventionists argued, among other things that in such countries as South Korea and Taiwan a high degree of social responsibility had been developed and introduced through the educational system.Education very much contributed to a sense of social awareness. This led to the fact that a mark as a civil servant involved a high social status. This may be an explanation for the fact that the best students often accepted a19 position with the government whereas a similar position in the private sector would pay far more. This high status would also contribute to a lower degree of corruptness as compared to that in many other developing countries.Moreover, a career with the civil service was considered the perfect way to a high position in the private sector. Apart from these initial conditions, several authors argue that the political economic circumstances in the East Asian countries contributed to the fact that government intervention could concentrate on the efficient use of scarce resources. As is well-known from the public-choice literature, a government may implement a policy because they are cosmos pressurised by certain groups in society that are crucial to a possible re-election.In such case, in their policy the government may to a certain extent want to comply wi th the wishes of their future voters, rather than pursue a policy that contributes to economic growth as much as possible. 9 For example, they may not use subsidies to support certain important economic activities instead subsidies may be used to secure political support. In many Latin American and African countries such a populist policy has been pursued in the past with all the associated negative consequences to general economic growth.In case of a more autocratic government, the government will use part of the means available to bribe representatives of powerful lobbies who could jeopardise the governments continuity or to forcefully suppress these lobbies. In South Korea and Taiwan the government hardly ever faced lobbies of real importance so that a populist policy was not necessary. Therefore, they could develop and pursue their policies independent of any lobby and they could efficiently employ subsidies and other instruments to promote economic growth, rather than use them in order to gain political support.There were several different reasons for this particular circumstance, according to the new interventionists. Among others, for an empirical analysis of such kind of political economic processes, to start with, countries like South Korea and Taiwan were characterised by a relatively equal income distribution due to which the governments of these countries were less pressurised into taking popular measures to ravish certain lobbies. The equal income distribution was mainly the result of the land reforms of the 1950s which took place both in South Korea and Taiwan.Thus, equal income distribution had been realised before the start of the period of rapid growth. More recently, empirical support for the positive relation between equal income distribution and economic growth has been found. Moreover, some mention the fact that both the South Korean and the Taiwanese society were characterised by a relatively cultural unity, This meant that this potentia l source of political instability was less strong than it often was in other developing countries and that this made it easier to develop a solid nation state.Some authors also mention the fact that the Japanese oppression of South Korea before 1945 drastically reduced the role of lobbies in this country. With respect to Taiwan, the flight of political leaders and their supporters from China had actually decimated the differences between the various political lobbies. Finally, there was no elite based on the ownership of natural resources, since these countries hardly had any natural resources. In several Latin American countries this elite was an important opponent of the government.The new interventionists offer an alternative explanation for the economic success of the East Asian countries during the past few decades. They point at the existence of coordination problems and argue that these problems are the main obstacle for economic development. For this reason the government sh ould play an active role. The analysis of the role of the government in East Asia shows under which circumstances government intervention may have a positive impact on the economic growth of a country.The contributions by the new interventionists appear to resemble those by the development economists21 from the 1940s and 1950s. The difference, however, is that the new interventionists have provided the understandings of the development economists with a more solid theoretical and empirical basis. Some questions remain unanswered, however. For example, the new interventionist analysis of the role of the government in the East Asian success has not convincingly shown why the efforts of the governments of these countries seemed to have been explicitly concentrated on promoting long-term economic development.This paper has described all conditions that must be met in order for government intervention to contribute positively to economic growth, as was the case in East Asia. Another star ting point for future research refers to the empirical foundation of the existence, nature and importance of coordination problems in a less developed economy. Although the new interventionists have frequently and convincingly described the existence of these failures, until now their empirical proof has been scarcely provided. Therefore, micro-level research i. e. t the industrial level into the significance of these coordination problems in economic development is vital. Related to this, more empirical research ought to be conducted into the importance of dynamic efficiency in a less developed economy. This requires more analysis of the nature of the possible economies of scale, the external effects in such economies, and the way in which they could be exploited by government intervention. The debate on the role of the government was quite explicit after the World Bank had published a study in 1993 which contained an in-depth analysis of the backgrounds of the East Asian success .The new interventionists criticised the World Bank for the contents of this report ,the analysis in this report builds on an earlier World Bank report (World Bank, 1991) in which the neoliberal view on the role of the government is somewhat changed with respect to their previous attitude on this subject. Both the 1991 and 1993 reports assign a more positive role to government intervention. The reports argue that interventions may add to economic growth, provided that these interventions are market friendly.The market friendly nature of interventions means that markets ought to function freely, unless the results are understandably better in case of government intervention. Furthermore, checks and balances have to be introduced interventions must always be subject to the discipline of the domestic and foreign markets as much as possible. Finally, intervention must be straightforward and transparent, based on clear regulations, so that the contents and consequences can be monitored b y anyone. The 1991 World Bank report introduces the market friendly approach of government policy as the alternative road between market and government.Starting from this analysis framework, the 1993 report studies the economic development of East Asia and endorse the positive role of the government in the process of economic development of these countries. Furthermore, the report argues that the distortions that were a result of government interventions were small, especially as compared to those in other developing countries. Government policies were often embedded in a competitive environment, all according to the market friendly approach.At the same time, however, the analysis shows that government intervention was by no means always successful. The market is considered to remain the most efficient coordinating mechanism. Therefore, the reports advice is to get the prices right. The final conclusion is that the most important positive contributions of government intervention ref erred to creating a stable macroeconomic environment in the form of low inflation and government deficits, and a stable exchange rate and investment in the development of human capital.The government created the right environment within which private initiative could optimally contribute to economic growth. Economic policies should concentrate on these factors, the World Bank argues. The recent World Bank report does only part do justice to the new interventionists criticism. The policy recommendations still seem to be rather neoliberal. Although the World Bank report initially appears to lead to a synthesis of the neoliberal model and the new interventionist understandings, the policy implications of the analysis of the two camps differ very much.The new interventionists point at the importance of government intervention and set great store by industrial policies and the use of subsidies and other instruments in order to realise a dynamically efficient allocation of resources, w hereas the World Bank continues to argue that the government ought to aim mainly at creating macroeconomic stability and should aim solely at creating the right conditions for private initiative.Conclusion To conclude, since the early 1990s there appears to be some general agreement concerning the debate on the role of the government in the process of economic development in East Asian countries. The World Bank being the main representative of the neoliberal point of view and its critics agree on the fact that the governments of these countries severely intervened in the economic process.Thus, it would make great sense for developing nations in Africa, South America and south East Asia to place prodigious importance of state intervention to economic development and to dismay the western liberal model as useless and deceptive. As they themselves (western countries, including Japan) all at some point in their economic development guided their economy towards what they thought was su itable and progressive, which is called industrialisation.

Airline Regulations

AIRLINE REGULATIONS Research Paper AVSC 1220 TREVOR CARTER ID 10524707 *The pass aroundline industry operates like the veins of the United States by pumping precious cargo through proscribed the country. Most *people dont realize how different the airlines were a few decades ago. The entire industry was regulated by the government. Regulation is usually considered a more socialistic liberal idea that is opposed by conservative capitalists.Although I personally believe in a government with a small limited *role* in our daily lives, I have come to the conclusion that the airline industry is a come on of date exception that needs to return to regulation which would benefit the airlines and the consumers in numerous ways. In the days of regulation the government had total control of routes, fares, gates and to the highest degree anything necessary to operate an airline. It also created many barriers to entry which would prevent any new start up airline.All the government would have to do is non allow them at any airports or not approve of any route application. Economists complained that regulation was inefficient so in 1978 the Airline Deregulation strike was passed allowing the free market to dictate airline prices and schedules. The following thirty years have proved this to be a terrible mistake. There are a wide range of facts when looking for the change in price of a ticket today compared to the airlines under regulation. nigh say the tickets are 15* % cheaper.Others subscribe in that respect is hardly a difference because one must account for the 10% travel agent fee that is avoided with todays online booking. So there is clearly no great ticket price benefit due to deregulation. However in the past tickets were fully refund able and you could change your destination without numerous penalties. at present people scour the internet for a discounted ticket which will usually mean a few stops along the way that may not be in the general direction of their destination. Some passengers may have to fly into alternative airports to receive a discount.Southwest airlines now flies into roughly major airports just as the legacy airlines do, however, in Southwests early days they broke into the freshly deregulated industry by basing their operation out of LUV field Dallas (not Dallas Ft. Worth International Airport) and flying to locations such as Burbank, CA. The reason for this was because it is much cheaper to operate out of these airports to avoid paying high prices for gates and separate airport fees. Southwest also undercut the pay scales across the board. They were the first low cost carrier.By *saving all this money they would be able to provide cheaper tickets to customers and the free market was beginning its control on the industry. This started the domino effect of airlines entering the market. *With a few major airlines doing most of the long lot flights many commuter airlines have started tune with 100 seat type jets. Most people will see US Airways Express and think it is a division of US Airways however that air intentione might be one of 4 or 5 airlines that fly under the US Airways paint scheme. The air is absolutely saturated with all of these small jets.The air traffic control system *needs to be upgraded because of this. Instead of having 737s curb two or three flights a day on a short haul trip say from Philly to Buffalo, they will have these 100 seat regional jets make 5 or 6 flights a day. With fuel prices soaring this does not seem efficient. Safety of the consumer is also being endangered. For the last year or so many small regional airlines were hiring a large amount of pilots due to a shortage. The minimum flight time qualifications were dropped lower than they have ever been in front.Some new hires are getting in the cockpit with as little as 300 hours. The average airline pilot has several thousand hours. With flight formulation declining every year due to the high cost, comme rcial pilots are becoming scarcer. When you add more airplanes while fewer pilots are being trained it creates a huge shortage. The Federal Aviation Administration pushed the mandatory retirement age to 65 adding 5 more years to a pilots career if he chooses to block which many arent and wont, due to the terrible state of the industry and conditions they have been working in.This is just a temporary fix that might round of drinks off the shortage for a few years that hiring will start again and there wont be enough pilots let alone enough experience pilots to fly all of these airplanes. Under regulation when oil quadrupled in the 70s, the price was passed onto the consumer by raising ticket prices. This is homeless but it is a part of the way our economy works. Today with prices rising, the airlines will not raise prices and instead try to run other companies into the ground by lowering prices. This is not healthy competition. The airline industry lost 25 billion dollars from 20 00*-2005.During that period a*irfares dropped 10* percent while 20 airlines went bankrupt. US Airways and Northwest Airlines have removed their obligation to their pension funds by pleading in *bankruptcy court that they couldnt operate *without* do*ing so. This wiped out over 8,5*00 pilots retirement funds between the two of them. Over 7000 Delta pilots have also since lost their retirements. * Pilots have conceded roughly 25-35*% pay cuts along with losing their retirements in recount to keep these airlines afloat and ensure the passenger gets a good deal on their ticket. Within the past few weeks Aloha Airlines joined the ranks and went out of business continuing the downward spiral of the airline industry specifically over the last 10 years. Delta and Northwest announced on April 14th a plan to merge which would create the largest airline in the world. There is also speculation of many more mergers and or bankruptcies to come. Mergers are a sign of these companies being emend off working together than separate. That is certainly not the healthy competition the truthmakers of the 60s and 70s envisioned while forming this plan.Deregulation has add instability to an industry which serves to make the world flatter. Maybe it would be in the broader interest if this industry went back to the era of regulation. Not that the system was flawless but at least with a guaranteed return on capital, airlines wouldnt be forced to cut corners and compromise safety *. * There has been recent talk of law makers on Capitol Hill revisiting the regulation idea due to the horrible state of the industry. Hopefully they will work quickly and save the sinking ship before its too late*. SOURCES L. Smith Jr. , Fred. Airline Deregulation. Library of Economics and Liberty 25 Nov 2008 http//www. econlib. org/library/Enc/AirlineDeregulation. html. *Barnum, John. What Prompted Airline Deregulation 20 eld Ago? What Were the Objectives of That Deregulation and How Were They Achieved. * Find Law Library 08/15/1998 25 Nov 2008 http//library. findlaw. com/1988/Sep/1/129304. html. *Bailey, Elizabeth E. Airline Deregulation Confronting the Paradoxes. Regulation The Cato Review of Business and disposal* 15, no. 3. Available online at *http//www. cato. org/pubs/regulation/regv15n3/reg15n3-bailey. html*. *Transportation Security Administration*

Paper Chromatography

The Hydrogen Atom Spectrum Evan J. Collins C. N. Peck June 16, 2009 INTRODUCTION MATERIALS _Emission Spectra an the Electronic Structure of Atoms_ Spectroscope Black Ink Pen graphite Pencil Notebook Mercury Spectrum Hydrogen Spectrum PROCEDURE Calibration of the Spectroscope Using the spectroscope the four most visible lines on the master were measured. Violet, blue, green, and colour were all visible. With the ink pen the measurements were recorded. A known wavelength (nm) vs. measured lines (cm) graph was thence drawn from the measurements.Observation and Measurements of the Hydrogen Spectrum Using the calibrated spectroscope the scale position of the observable lines of the hydrogen emission spectrum were measured. Red, turquoise, violet, and purple were all visible. Using the measurements and the calibration graph the wavelength of the lines were determined. The relative error was calculated using Accepted entertain Values of wavelength for the hydrogen atom spectrum were con verted to kJ/mol. Using a form of the Rydberg equation, the Rydberg constant was calculated for each of the lines measured.This constant was used to then calculate percentage error. Data Calibration of the Spectroscope Observations and Measurements of the Hydrogen Spectrum CALCULATIONS (Convert wavelength values to corresponding energy in kJ/mol) 680 x 10-9 2. 92 x 10-19 J x (6. 022 x 1023) / (1000 J) = 176 kJ/mol (Calculate the value of the Rydberg constant) (1/680)/(. 25-. 30) = . 00147059/(. 25000-. 11111)= 0. 0105042 x 10-7 = Rh= 105,040 cm -1 (Calculate Percentage Error) 105040 109678 X 100 = 4. 23% Error 109678 DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION

In What Way Can China’s ‘Socialist Market Economy’ Be Regarded as Successful and to What Extent Is It Not Achieving Its Promise?

Question 2 In what way can chinawares left merchandise thrift be regarded as victorious and to what extent is it not achieving its promise? China is much more than just a mere country. It has been by dint of m both ups and downs and exciting changes in the Chinese society, from changes of dynasties to establishing a name under the 7 wonders of the world with its creation of the Great W all in all of China. Its heritage and memoir for the past thousands of years have made China of what it is today.Hence, with Deng Xiaopings widely quoted phrases crossing the river by grouping for stones, Getting rich is glorious, and seek verity from facts, and not from ideology, how has China develop and grown over the years? How did China attain its current stinting prosperity? How did China seek the right of its economy transition from a think economy to a food market economy over the decades? In a planned economy, government controls and determine phone line self-control, profits, and resource tryst.The theory behind a planned economy is communism, which suggests that all property is sh ared equally by the people in a community under the direction of a strong central government. It is an economic organisation that involves public ownership of businesses. Rather than entrepreneurs, the government decides what products consumers will be offered and in what quantities. As the main planner, the government establishes share polices that historically have been very restrictive in allowing foreign companies the opportunity to compete (Stralser, 2004).China was a planned economy under Mao Zedongs leadership as he thoughts was mainly equality, where he established landed estatealization of Chinas economy done the control of markets by keeping it free from foreign dominations, price, and production as fountainhead as natural and human resources. He withal introduced the promotion of equalitarianism and collectivism with little incentives, patch respective(prenomi nal)s requisites are not being realized. As a result, economic development in China was stagnant and at that place was not much of an economic progress.In the late 1930s, Oscar Lange started the idea of Market Socialism, an economy in which assets or methods of productions, were owned socially by the communist society or State, but which imitated the supply-demand price adjustment of the competitive market economy. Conversely, Lerner and Lange debated on the issue that the key element that is common to market socialism is socialist (i. e. party) ownership and (managerial) control of assets.The key difference is that market-based allocation of goods and services versus centrally planned allocation of goods and services. In China, the market element has expanded gradually since the start of the verdant reforms in 1979 and the introduction of Urban reforms in 1984. In 1992, China publicly stated that its goal is a socialist market economy with Chinese Characteristics. though China has successfully expanded the scope of the market, socialist (communist) control of factors remains very important.An understanding of these elements is vital to an understanding of the economic performance of China. Thus, Chinas transition from a planned economy to a Socialist Market Economy started in 1978, after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, when Deng Xiaoping recognized the need to reform its economy and governmental structure, as China was experiencing economic and developmental problems under Maos leadership. Deng Xiaopings thoughts were different from Mao Zedongs, as Deng Xiaoping believed in prosperity and efficiency for Chinas economy.His aim was to raise living standards and introduced the Four Modernisations namely the Industry, Agriculture, Science and Technology and Defence, by developing a market economy with Chinese Characteristics. Moreover, he establishes a tot up responsibility system in agricultural areas and revives individual businesses in urban areas to understand and satisfy individuals needs. Furthermore, he decentralized a substantial amount of authority in state enterprises and reform the irrational price system due to the naughty demand and selling in the market.The call for such a change is for the reason that China was under a very centralized planned economy system that has high speed and excessive accumulation of national income at the expense of consumption, but produces a low result and consumptions due to poor planning and economic mismanagement. It light-emitting diode to the excessive emphasis on grain production and the low productivity of commune systems. On the other hand, China sees the need to be modernized and strong, olibanum establishing what Deng Xiaoping introduces, the Four Modernisations.In particular, the Industry welkin, where overemphasis is placed on heavy industry dapple the light industry and services are being ignored. In increase to that, the Defence sector has placed too much emphasis on the ir national defence and lacked efficiency. Too much attention is placed on boldness (Riskin, 1987 Hsu,1991). no. forgetting the acknowledgement of the Chinese Communist Partys (CCP) mistakes in the Cultural Revolution, whereby permanent revolution, class struggle, mass movement and policy-making unrest populate and the rejection of key theories of Maoism that has seriously damaged the Chinese economy (Wei, 2000).From the period when China was under Deng Xiaopings leadership till the end of 1998, Chinas economic reform has gone through a transition from a planned economy to a market economy. And at present, China portray itself as a Socialist Market Economy or where it is called Socialism with Chinese Characteristics, which means that using market forces to improve the efficiency of production while retaining a managed, predominantly state-owned economy and authoritarian control over political activity (Dorn, 1998).Deng Xiaoping introduced both the economic and political reform program to achieve four major objectives, namely, instituting contract responsibility in agricultural areas such as the labour responsibility system that determines where a person can work legally and where it cannot reviving individual businesses in urban areas decentralizing a substantial amount of authority in state enterprises where the banking system has evolved little from a government department where loans are decided on the basis of provincial or national objectives and ability to repay is irrelevant to the variable cost of the capital.And lastly, reforming the price system, which simply means that the market rather than the government itself determines the pricing system. Cities or Provinces can and do price land to any buyer at any price. Infrastructure pricing and supply, mainly to foreign invested enterprises, is likewise determined on the basis of national or provincial or city objectives and can vary within the various enterprise. This is also applicable to the limit for some of the output of the State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) that remain subjected to the central department, who are their bosses for orders and directions.As for the economic reform, Deng Xiaoping came up with three propositions that are undercover ownership has useful place in a socialist economy market forces should be allowed to influence the allocation of goods and the determination of prices and material incentives should be the headland mechanism for stimulating greater productivity and efficiency, for example, having rewards to set the moods up for the workers so that they would work hard to achieve their rewards and hence, increases productivity and efficiency.According to Virmani 2005, he mentioned that in pathetic from the Socialist to the Socialist Market Economy, China has borrowed aspects from the Nationalist Market Economies of developing Japan, S. Korea and Singapore. The main purpose of Chinas government was to be able to economically draw closer to the advanced countries through fast growth of average income. Consequently, China developed a national consensus to maximize GDP growth. The whole nation was called together to achieve this aim.The simplicity of this purpose of growth, investment and production made China much easier to decentralize its economy structure and ensure accountability at either level including that of the private corporate sector. Now we move on to the political reform, Deng Xiaoping wanted China to seek a sharper and conclusive break from Maoism and the Soviet model de-maoisation by abolishing class struggle and permanent proletarian revolution to reduce the role of ideology in political and quick life and also reduce Partys role in making technical and administrative decisions.Therefore, separate the Partys ideology and administrative competence area and also not forgetting the technical and political areas. Today, Chinas Socialist Market Economy can be regarded as successful due to the high rates of growth Chi na has sustained for the last quarter or a century, with GDP averaging 9% per annum. Chinas trade activity, including both imports and exports, has grown an average of 15% a year since 1979 (Eswar, 2004).Its achievements were from political and economic decentralization that consist of the introduction of entrepreneurial autonomy to the Chinese economy, and to the spic-and-span booming of rural industries, so as to offer high employment opportunities, income and prosperity to the local communities. With reference to the founding Bank research done on fighting poverty, the boilers suit living standards for the vast majority of the Chinese population improved as 400 million people were lifted out of poverty, while business dynamism spread across Chinas urban and rural areas.As a result, its transition to a market economy system gives individuals a higher share of their earnings, increasing their per capital wealth. Furthermore, Virmani also mentioned, one of Chinas most significan t market innovations to its socialist economy was the product market (2005). It started with tillage output markets in 1979 where initially agriculture markets were partially liberalised in a manner similar to that use in India for sugar and other markets in the sixties.This was a Dual pricing and distribution system in which part of the produce continued to be handed over to the government at a controlled price, while the rest could be sold freely at the market price. Many of the rules circumscribing small-scale service activities were also abolished or ignored, resulting in a boom in collectively and individually owned restaurants and shops. Labour contracting services also developed in the interior provinces to supply construction workers to urban areas.Dual pricing in industrial goods was introduced by China in 1985-86, with prices on the market channel allowed to fluctuate according to market conditions. At this point, more than half of all industrial goods were still distribu ted at administered prices. Product liberalisation was gradually extended to the entire manufacturing sector. It has also been selectively extended to the real estate sector and sell trade. One of the recent evidence on Chinas success is seen during the Beijing Olympics that showed to the outside world its successfulness, spectacular and advancement, prosperous and modernity is like any other west countries.But there is also the more genuine and in fact improved aspect of China that raised itself up, so to speak, in the earthquake that occurred in May in Sichuan, with heroic rescue efforts by government at all levels, the army, and people from all walks of life throughout the country. The resiliency and resourcefulness of the Chinese people are the real source of optimism. With a socialist ideal and politically conscious forces to pursue it, true reform is well within Chinas capacity (Lin, 2009).However, like any other communist or socialist country, to a certain extent China is n ot achieving its promise because in China, the single party rule is none other than the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). To paraphrase Perkins (1994), All political power in China is monopolised by the Chinese Communist party, a party that is organised along Leninist lines. Power is centralised at the top and not easily challenged from below. The party is a pecking order stretching from the party general secretary at the top to the party honcho in the smallest settlement/village.The objectives, broad approach to achievement of these objectives and the parameters within which rase levels can take initiatives, is decided at the top. national to provincial level, and the Metro cities and Town & Village level. Also, with reference to Virmani 2005, in China, all land is owned and controlled by the State, however, due to the historical heritage of cooperative ownership of farmland, the controlling system is slightly different in the rural areas. In many provinces, farming households pur portedly have an ownership share in village and farmland, but lose this right if they move to the urban areas to work.Similar to every other Communist country, in this case, China, the Party controlled the labour unions and therefore the terms and conditions of work. Therefore, the overall policy approach to terms & conditions of employment, work hours and wages is decided by the CCP (at an appropriate geographical level or level of government). If the CCP decides to apply different work and pay rules in a particular province, sector, industry or type of enterprise (e. g. foreign invested) from those employ to general domestic enterprises, neither the (so called) labour unions nor the employees can do anything to change it.Chinas labour market is also controlled through the Hukou system that determines where a person is entitled to live and work and receive State provided social benefits. Hukou is a house physician permit given by the government. It is issued on family basis where every family have a Hukou booklet that records information about the family members, name, birth date, relationship with each other, marriage status, address and your employer. In other words, its legal residence in an area entitles one to access public schooling and healthcare, housing and job opportunities and/or land for farming.Legal change of residence is possible if either a person succeeds in getting a place at a senior middle school and then at a city college by clearing competitive exams for the corresponding, or if the state allows it, say allowing firms in a city to hire permanent workers from nearby rural areas. The Chinese government used the family register system in order to control the movement of people between urban and rural areas. Thus, with Hukou System, it limits mass migration from the land to the cities to ensure some morphological stability.Also, it was an instrument of the command economy. Hence, if people move without formal CCP permission, they are in effect illegal migrants with no rights. Chinese governments restrictions on rural-urban mobility earlier operate through the Hukou system. A worker may live legally in an urban area, without acquiring an urban hukou as a permanent resident on a long-term permit or as a contract worker. Permits for legal residence are neither easy nor cheap to come by, and illegal migration has been increasing throughout the reform period.When the special economic zones were first opened, all labour contracts were with a Chinese labour bureau that is effectively controlled by the CCPs terms and conditions of employment. 100% of capital assets were owned and controlled by the State, that is the CCP. The management of these assets is distributed to different levels of government, which in turn is controlled by different levels of the party. Some are controlled at the National level through the departments of the central government and their CCP bosses. Others are managed or controlled at the provincia l, City and Village level.As a result, Chinas political system is interlocked and intertwined with the majority of administrative heads being Party members, who still is in todays China, controls everything. For example, Chinas listing could also be totally on the Hong Kong stock exchange or even a foreign exchange. This does not convert them into private enterprises as management control remains with the same CCP boss or his nominee or appointee who represents them. In conclusion, China is trying to establish an entirely diverse conceptual economic system that is neither a traditional socialistic economic system nor a capitalistic economic system.Furthermore, it is not apparent that Socialist Market Economy can be said to be socialism or capitalism. In fact, Deng Xiaoping made it clear that capitalism and socialism are both non-conflicting ideas, as both of them are tools for managing Chinas economy. For this reason, China would like to be at the so-called middle mark where it is not at the extremes of the both sides but rather in the centre, with a system that makes use of the virtues of both capitalism and socialism.The changes that were brought about by the success of the transition to a Socialist Market Economy are that its agriculture system moved from Peoples Commune system to the family based responsibility system and land has become a commodity. Market prices were from a price resort system to a dual-price system, where the market determines 80% and the government determines the remaining 20%, so as to strengthen and institutionalized the price system in the market. The banking sector changed its allocation of funds according to the policy to dual system partially making decisions on its allocation.The marketing of goods and services have changed from central planning to allocation to the markets allocation of goods and services. Chinas relation with other countries improved from economic isolationism to a desire to be active in the worlds economy v ia foreign investments and allowing labour into export production and export to sustain domestic growth. As a result, the national economy showed a fast and constant growth, the overall strength of China expanded evidently, the standard of living of the people improved together with time and distinctive esults have been attained in such activities as science and technology, education, culture, health and physical culture have advanced. The people of China are happier now with such changes in their life. And not forgetting that Chinas political system is still governed by the Party, Chinese Communist Party (CCP), that makes China still a capitalist country that controls and determines everything and not achieving its promise. References Dorn, James A. ed. 1998. China in the New Millennium Market Reforms and Social Development. Washington D. C. Cato Institute. Hsu, Robert C. 1991. stinting Theories in China, 1979-1988. Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press. Lange, Oscar. 1971. On The Economic Theory of Socialism. New York. Comparative Economic Systems. Lerner, Abba, P. Economic Theory and Socialist Economy Review of Economic Studies 1934. Lin, Chu. 2009. The Socialist Market Economy Step Forward or Backward for China?. Science & Society, Vol. 73, No. 2, April 2009, 228-235. Perkins, Dwight. 1994. Completing Chinas Move to Market. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. , No. 2, Spring 1994, pp 23-46. Prasad, Eswar. ed. 2004. Chinas Growth and Integration into the World Economy Prospects and Challenges. foreign Monetary Fund, Occasional Paper N 232, Washington DC. http//www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/op/232/op232. pdf (accessed 04/05/09). Riskin, Carl. 1987. Chinas political economy the quest for development since 1949. New York Oxford University Press, Incorporated. Stralser, Steven. 2004. MBA In A daytime What You Would Learn At Top-Tie. New Jersey. Wiley & Sons, Inc. Suliman, Osman. ed. 1998.Chinas Transition to a Socialist Market Economy. Westport, CT. Quorum Books. The World Bank, Fighting Poverty Findings and Lessons from Chinas Success, The World Bank Research, http//econ. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0,,c ntentMDK20634060pagePK64165401piPK64165026theSitePK469382,00 html (accessed 04/05/09). Virmani, Arvind. 2005. Chinas Socialist Market Economy Lessons of Success. Working Paper No. 178. December 2005. Wei, Yehua Denni. 2000. Regional Development in China States, Globalization, and Inequality. London. Routledge.

Philosophical Movement that Shaped Philippine Education Essay

Pre-colonial periodDuring the pre-colonial period, education was still decentralized. Children were provided with more vocational training but fewer academics. Filipino shallows were headed by parents or by their tribal tutors. They employed a unique writing ashes known as baybayin.Spanish PeriodWhen the Spanish initial arrived in Manila, they were surprised to find a population with a literacy rate higher than that of Madrid. During the early Spanish period, most education was conducted by religious orders. The church service and the school both worked together. All Christian villages had schools for students to attend. Spanish missionaries established schools immediately after reaching the islands. There was a separate school for boys and girls. The wealthy Filipinos or the Ilustrados were accommodated in the school. The commandmental Decree of 1863 created a free public education system in the Philippines, run by the government. It was the first such education system in Asia .First RepublicThe Malolos Republic Also called The First Philippine Republic Because of the destruction of many schools and to the peace and order condition, all the schools were closed for the prison term being. Aguinaldo decreed that all diplomas awarded by UST after 1898 be considered null and void Article 23 of the Malolos authorship mandated that public education would be free and de rigueur in all schools of the nation under the First Philippine Republic Aguinaldo included an item for public instruction amounting P35, 000 in the budget for 1899. August 29, 1898, the repository of the Interior ordered the provincial governors to reestablish the schools that had been abandoned before.American PeriodAmerican Expeditionary forces were sent to Philippines with a mission to destroy the Spanish Armanda in Manila Bay as part of the strategy to defeat the Spaniards in the Spanish-American War ranging at that time in Cuba. Americans won, and on the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1 898, the Philippines was ceded to the United put up by the Spanish for the paltry sum of US $20 Million. 1898, American occupied Manila. Reopened schools where in the American Soldiers were the first teachers.Education should beuniversal and free for all regardless of sex, age, religion and socio-economic status of the individual. move no 74, established the public primary school in 1901 and modal(a) school in 1904 which provides free public education. Thomasites group of professionals sent by the United State Government who where assigned to teach English language. playact No. 372, required all provinces to maintain a provincial high school. 1901 Philippine Normal School was founded to train teachers. 1908 University of the Philippines was established.Education was the means of giving people and penchant towards a democratic way of life.Japanese Period1941- the Pacific War broke out and the Philippines came under the Japanese occupation. Department of Education, Health and Public social welfare its function is to reopen schools and to make reports to the Japanese Administration. Military order no. 2 in 1942 Japanese educational policies were embodied in the Military regularise No. 2. The Philippines Executive Commission established. Schools were reopened in June 1942 with 300,000 students.Third RepublicDuring the period from the proclamation of the Third Philippine Republic on July 4, 1946, under the administration of electric chair Manuel Roxas until the pre-martial law days of the Marcos regime, the countrys educational philosophy was in accordance with the provisions of Article XIV, section 5 of the 1935 Constitution which provides that all educational institution is under the supervision of and subject to regulation of the Statethe government shall provide at least free primary instruction and citizenship training to adults.the educational aims are to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic consciousness, and vocational efficienc y and teach the duties of citizenshipreligious education is optionalUniversities enjoy academic freedomthe State shall create scholarships for gifted citizens.Fourth Republicn 1972, the Department of Education became the Department of Education and finis by the virtue of Proclamation 1081 which was signed by President Ferdinand Marcos. on January 17, 1973, President Marcos ratified the 1973Constitution by Proclamation 1102. The 1973 Constitution set out the three fundamental aims of education in the Philippines, to cheer love of countryteach the duties of citizenship anddevelop moral character, self-discipline, and scientific, technological and vocational efficiency. On September 24, 1972, by Presidential Decree No. 1, the Department of Education, Culture and Sports was decentralized with decision-making shared among thirteen regional offices. In 1978, by the Presidential Decree No. 1397, the Department of Education and Culture became the Ministry of Education and Culture. The Edu cation Act of 1982 provided for an integrated system of education covering both formal and non-formal education at all levels. Section 16 and Section 17 upgraded the obligations and qualifications required for teachers and administrators season Section 41 provided for government financial assistance to private schools. This act also created the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports.Fifth RepublicOn February 2, 1987, a new Constitution for the Philippines was ratified. Section 3, Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution contains the ten fundamental aims of education in the Philippines. It is also seen that under the 1987 Constitution, only elementary school is compulsory. In 1987 by virtue of Executive Order No. 117, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports, became the Department of Education, Culture and Sports. The structure of DECS as embodied in the order remained practically unchanged until 1994. On May 26, 1988, the relative of the Philippines enacted the Republic Act 66 55, the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988, which mandated free public secondary education commencing in the school year 19881989.On February 3, 1992, the Congress enacted Republic Act 7323, which provided that students aged 15 to 25 may be employed during Christmas and summer vacation with a recompense not lower than the minimum wage. 60% of the wage is to be paid by the employer and 40% is by the government. On May 18, 1994, the Congress passed Republic Act 7722, the Higher Education Act of 1994, creating the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), which assumed the functions of the Bureau of Higher Education, and supervises tertiary degree architectural plans.On August 25, 1994, the Congress passed Republic Act 7796, the Technical Education and Skills Development Act of 1994, creating the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority(TESDA) 2000s and K-12 ProgramIn August 2001, Republic Act 9155, differently called the Governance of Basic Education Act, was pass ed transforming the name of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) to the Department of Education (DepEd) The goal of basic education is to provide the school age population and young adults with skills, knowledge and values to become caring, self-reliant, productive and patriotic citizens. 2010s and the K-12 ProgramThe start of this centurys second decade saw a major(ip) improvement in the Philippine education system. In 2011, DepEd started to implement the new K-12 educational system, which includes the new curricula for all schools. In this system, education is now compulsory. The implementation of the K-12 program is phased. The K-12 Program means Kindergarten and the 12 years of elementary and secondary education, which is part of the Educational Program of President Benigno Simeon Noynoy C. Aquino III.